Since PM Anwar Ibrahim's Pakatan Harapan led-government came into power we have seen THREE(3) Attorney General/Public Prosecutors -
Idrus Harun - he was RE-APPOINTED as AG/PP in March 2023 > he was the one who discontinued Zahid Hamidi's 47 charges Criminal Trial, and DISCHARGED(DNAA) him - then he was appointed as a member of the Judicial Appointment Commission(JAC) that recommends judges to be appointed.
Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim has appointed former attorney-general Idrus
Harun and three others as members of the Judicial Appointments
Commission (JAC).- Malaysiakini, 18/11/2024
Ahmad Terrirudin bin Mohd Salleh (born 12 April 1968) was appointed AG/PP and removed by way of appointment as a Federal Court Judge in November 2024. Was this a premature removal of a sitting AG/PP?
Mohd Dusuki Mokhtar appointed as the new attorney general/PP of Malaysia on 12/11/2024.
Mas Ermieyati Samsudin (PN-Masjid Tanah) today questioned if Dusuki Mokhtar’s appointment as the new attorney-general was his reward for his role in requesting that Ahmad Zahid Hamidi be freed of his corruption charges.Mas Ermieyati was referring to the discharge not amounting to an acquittal (DNAA) granted to the deputy prime minister over 47 charges in his Yayasan Akalbudi case after the prosecution applied for it. - Malaysiakini, 13/11/2024
The Attorney-General Chambers (AGC) has discontinued its appeal against Deputy Prime Minister Datuk Seri Ahmad Zahid Hamidi’s acquittal of 40 corruption charges in the foreign visa system (VLN) contract.The Attorney-General Chambers (AGC) has discontinued its appeal against Deputy Prime Minister Datuk Seri Ahmad Zahid Hamidi’s acquittal of 40 corruption charges in the foreign visa system (VLN) contract.- Malay Mail, 12/12/2024
The independence of the Public Prosecutor/AG is a question. Must he be free from PM or government of the day control and independently use his/her powers in prosecution, charging, discontinuance of criminal cases mid-stream, withdrawal of criminal appeals...? VERY POWERFUL in the administration of criminal justice in Malaysia.
Interesting SECURITY OF TENURE, Retirement Age and a difficult process to remove the AG/PP was there in Malaysia's pre-1963 Federal Constitution. Now, it is precarious as a PP/AG can any time be removed. Was the appointed as Federal Court Judge a creative way to remove a sitting AG/PP?
Joint Media Statement – 15/2/2025
Protect the Independence of the Attorney General/Public Prosecutor by, amongst others, the provision of Security of Tenure, and preventing premature removal by the Prime Minister
Remove role of Prime Minister in Appointment of the Public Prosecutor and Enable Judicial Review of Public Prosecutor’s decisions
We, the 10 undersigned groups/organization call for the amendment of the Federal Constitution to ensure that the Attorney General, who is also the Public Prosecutor, is Independent and is provided with Security of Tenure, a safeguard to ensure Independence, and to prevent the Prime Minister’s ability to appoint and remove as he/she pleases.
The Constitution, in Article 145(1) states that ‘(1) The Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall, on the advice of the Prime Minister, appoint a person who is qualified to be a judge of the Federal Court to be the Attorney General for the Federation.’, and this means the King has no choice but to do as the Prime Minister advices.
Security of Tenure and Safeguards for Independence in pre-1963 Constitution
The Federal Constitution today also fails to clearly stipulate the retirement age of the Attorney General, or the procedure for removal.
In the Constitution, prior to the Constitutional amendment vide Act 10/1960, section 26, which came into force from 16-09-1963, stated in Art.145 (4) stated ‘Subject to Clause (5), the Attorney General shall hold office until he attains the age of sixty-five years or such later time, not later than six months after he attains that age, as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong may approve. (5) The Attorney General may at any time resign his office but shall not be removed from office except on the like grounds and in the like manner as a judge of the Federal Court.".
That meant, the Attorney General before had security of tenure until retirement age, and could not be easily removed or replaced according to the whims and fancies of any sitting Prime Minister.
Sadly, today the Attorney General only hold ‘…office during the pleasure of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong[King]...’, and the Federal Constitution does not set a tenure, or a retirement age. This means the Attorney General can also be removed at any time, and this precarious state of affairs threatens the Independence of the Attorney General/Public Prosecutor.
Was the previous AG/PP removal questionable?
Datuk Mohd Dusuki Mokhtar was appointed as the new Attorney General of Malaysia from 12/11/2024, stepping in to replace outgoing Attorney General Tan Sri Ahmad Terrirudin Mohd Salleh who had not yet reached his retirement age of 65. Terrirudin, 56, served as Malaysia’s attorney general for just slightly more than a year was appointed Attorney General from 6/9/2023. When he was appointed, there was even no clear tenure stated, unlike previous attorney generals who had a clear tenure like 2 years or more stated at the point of appointment.
Then, on 12/12/2024, the new Attorney General/Public Prosecutor Dusuki discontinued appeal against Deputy Prime Minister Datuk Seri Ahmad Zahid Hamidi’s acquittal of 40 corruption charges in the foreign visa system (VLN) contract. Note, when the High Court acquitted on the ground that the Prosecution failed to prove a prima facie case at the end of prosecution’s case, there was public pressure that led to the prosecution filing the appeal when Terrirudin was Attornely General. Was this a possible reason, why the previous Attorney General was replaced ‘suddenly’?
0n 4/9/2023, Zahid Hamidi’s another case was discontinued by then Attorney General Idrus Harun, after prosecution had already successfully proved a prima facie case for 47 charges of criminal breach of trust, corruption and money laundering, and the reason then given was that prosecution needed more time to complete investigation on several letters of representation submitted by the accused. These investigations should have long completed, and the Public Prosecutor have the power to re-charge Zahid for all or some of the 47 charges. Was the previous Attorney General Terrirudin removed as he was more likely than not to re-charge the current Deputy Prime Minister?
The power to institute, conduct or discontinue any criminal proceedings
The ‘…power, exercisable at his discretion, to institute, conduct or discontinue any proceedings for an offence, …’ can be ‘abused’ by the government if the Public Prosecutor is not independent. The Public Prosecutor has the power to decide to not charge some, discontinue criminal cases or even withdraw criminal appeals.
After Anwar Ibrahim’s government came into power in November 2022, his ‘political enemies’ seemed to charge a lot in the courts, and members of the parties in government and their associates seem to have their criminal cases dropped or stalled – is this an indication of the amount of power or influence, the government of the day may have over the Public Prosecutor? This reality affects the perception of independence of the Malaysian Public Prosecutor/Attorney General.
Even PM can commit crimes – best he not have power to remove Public Prosecutors
With regard to crime, anyone from the Prime Minister, Ministers, politicians and/or the family members and friends can breach criminal laws, and when that happens, the people expect the Public Prosecutor to act independently and professionally, and charge anyone, including the Prime Minister, if they commit a crimes.
Hence, the Prime Minister’s role in appointment or removal of the Public Prosecutor at least must be extinguished. We do not want any Attorney General/Public Prosecutor to worry about the consequence of not doing what the government wants.
Guidelines on the Role of Prosecutors, that was adopted on 7/9/1990 by the Eighth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders states, amongst others, that ‘Prosecutors, as essential agents of the administration of justice, shall at all times maintain the honour and dignity of their profession. 4. States shall ensure that prosecutors are able to perform their professional functions without intimidation, hindrance, harassment, improper interference…’ and this reasonably will include intimidation, hindrance, harassment or improper interference from Prime Minister or government of the day.
PM ‘Choosing’ Public Prosecutor Must End
In the past, primarily many believed that politicians and the powerful benefited by non-prosecution, in that they do not get charged for crimes – the Attorney General/Public Prosecutor has the power to decide who gets charged, and who does not.
During the time of the Prime Minister Najib Razak, Public Prosecutor Gani Patail was suspected by some to be ‘prematurely removed’ from office because Gani was in the process of preparing for the prosecution of the then sitting Prime Minister related to the 1MDB issue.
In his place, a new Attorney General Apandi Ali was appointed, who later went one to publicly declare or imply that Najib was innocent of any crime related to 1MDB.
When the next Attorney General, Tommy Thomas, was appointed, Najib was charged and he is now in prison serving out his sentence, and that how some Public Prosecutors can be so wrong. It is not the role of the Attorney General/Public Prosecutor to determine the guilt – that is the duty of the Court after a fair trial.
The era of a possibly government influenced Public Prosecutor must end, and the Public Prosecutor must be free and independent of the State, and focused on the administration of criminal justice without fear or favour. Those who committed crimes will be charged and accorded a fair trial. No more discontinuation of cases or ‘selective non-prosecution’ of ‘friends’ of the government’,
Separating Attorney General from Public Prosecutor
The government rightfully have decided that the Attorney General best not also be the Public Prosecutor – and thus they will be separated soon.
The end result hopefully will be that Public Prosecutor shall have the power ‘to institute, conduct or discontinue any proceedings for an offence’. Government will no longer have the power to ‘interfere’.
A perusal of the Malaysian Constitution will show that the Attorney General is essentially the ‘government lawyer’, who advises the government and also acts for the government, Ministers and public officers.
It is indeed difficult for him/her to also be the Public Prosecutor. This will be complicated especially when the accused (or to be charged) is the Prime Minister, Minister or a public officer. An inevitable ‘conflict of interest’ arises. Hence, it is the right move to have an Independent Public Prosecutor, different from the Attorney General.
The Public Prosecutor certainly must be INDEPENDENT, and the Prime Minister and/or the Government should have no role in the choosing of the Public Prosecutor. Best that the power of advising the King to appoint one as Public Prosecutor rest on an independent body/commission. He/she, who is appointed must have security of tenure including a clear retirement age, and other safeguards to ensure independence, just like a Judge.
On, the other hand, the Attorney General, who really is the government’s lawyer and legal adviser, could be appointed on the advice of the Prime Minister and/or government of the day. His/her tenure can reasonably be ended by a subsequent new Prime Minister and/or government, who may desire another person to be the government’s Attorney General.
It is noted, that Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim recognized that ‘…the separation of powers between AG and PP is not merely a division of responsibilities, but a crucial step in preserving the integrity of the office…’ It has already been approved by Cabinet, and Anwar said that the Cabinet draft paper on the separation of powers between the Attorney General (AG) and the Public Prosecutor (PP) is expected to be ready by the middle 2025. (The Sun 21/12/2024).
We hope the needed amendments to the Federal Constitution and relevant laws be tabled in Parliament soon, and that Malaysia will finally have an independent Public Prosecutor, and a Attorney General by the third quarter of 2025.
Thus, we call the process leading towards Malaysia have an Independent Public Prosecutor, different from the Attorney General be expedited;
We call for the end of days where the perception that Attorney General/Public Prosecutor acts be in ‘prosecuting of non-prosecuting’, appealing and withdrawing of appeals, and discontinuation of cases may be based on the instruction or the will of the Prime Minister or government of the day comes to an end.
Prosecution should not de-rail the court process, by mid-trial discontinuation of the case – leave it to the Court to decide after a fair trial whether a person is guilty or not.
If Prosecution loses a criminal trial at the court of first instance, the best practice is to appeal, giving the appellate Court the opportunity to consider whether the High Court (or lower court) made an error or not in acquitting an accused. The appeal is crucial to prevent any miscarriage of justice, and also removes any doubts about the independence of the Malaysian Courts.
We also call for right of Judicial Review of decisions of a Public Prosecutor, just as we already have the right to go for Judicial Review of the Prime Minister or Minister’s decisions. This will allow the court to consider whether the Public Prosecutor’s decision was illegal, procedurally unfair, irrational or even incompatible with human rights. This will ensure no wrongdoing or abuse of power by the Public Prosecutor, who represent Malaysia and Malaysians in the administration of criminal justice.
UPHOLD THE CAUSE OF JUSTICE WITHOUT FEAR OR FAVOUR
Addendum
Article 145 Federal Constitution - Attorney General
(1) The Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall, on the advice of the Prime Minister, appoint a person who is qualified to be a judge of the Federal Court to be the Attorney General for the Federation.
(2) It shall be the duty of the Attorney General to advise the Yang di-Pertuan Agong or the Cabinet or any Minister upon such legal matters, and to perform such other duties of a legal character, as may from time to time be referred or assigned to him by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong or the Cabinet, and to discharge the functions conferred on him by or under this Constitution or any other written law.
(3) The Attorney General shall have power, exercisable at his discretion, to institute, conduct or discontinue any proceedings for an offence, other than proceedings before a Syariah court, a native court or a court-martial.
(3A) Federal law may confer on the Attorney General power to determine the courts in which or the venue at which any proceedings which he has power under Clause (3) to institute shall be instituted or to which such proceedings shall be transferred.
(4) In the performance of his duties the Attorney General shall have the right of audience in, and shall take precedence over any other person appearing before, any court or tribunal in the Federation.
(5) Subject to Clause (6), the Attorney General shall hold office during the pleasure of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and may at any time resign his office and, unless he is a member of the Cabinet, shall receive such remuneration as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong may determine.
(6) The person holding the office of Attorney General immediately prior to the coming into operation of this Article shall continue to hold the office on terms and conditions not less favourable than those applicable to him immediately before such coming into operation and shall not be removed from office except on the like grounds and in the like manner as a judge of the Federal Court.
NOTES
Art. 145 Federal Constitution (before amendment in 1963)
The present Article was substituted by Act 10/1960, section 26, in force from 16-09-1963. The earlier Article read as follows:
"145. (1) The Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall, after consultation with the Judicial and Legal Service Commission, appoint from among the members of the judicial and legal service an Attorney General, who shall be a person qualified to be a judge of the Federal Court.
(2) The Attorney General shall advise on legal matters referred to him by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong or the Cabinet, and shall have power, exercisable at his discretion, to institute, conduct or discontinue any proceedings for an offence, other than proceedings before a Muslim court, a native court or a court-martial.
(3) The Attorney General shall have the right of audience in, and shall take precedence over any other person appearing before, any court or tribunal.
(4) Subject to Clause (5), the Attorney General shall hold office until he attains the age of sixty-five years or such later time, not later than six months after he attains that age, as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong may approve.
(5) The Attorney General may at any time resign his office but shall not be removed from office except on the like grounds and in the like manner as a judge of the Federal Court.".
Charles Hector
For and on behalf the below listed 10 groups
ALIRAN
MADPET (Malaysians Against Death Penalty and Torture)
Center for Orang Asli Concerns (COAC)
Gindol Initiative for Civil Society Borneo
Haiti Action Committee
Parti Rakyat Malaysia (PRM)
Payday Men’s Network, UK & US
Redemption Pakistan
Singapore Anti Death Penalty Campaign (SADPC)
WH4C (Workers Hub For Change)
Summary
Several NGOs urge the government to amend the Federal Constitution to allow judicial review of the public prosecutor’s decisions on initiating, discontinuing or not pressing charges in court.
This is to allow the court to decide whether the public prosecutor’s decision is valid or otherwise.
NGOs also urge the government to expedite the separation of the Attorney-General’s Chambers from the public prosecutor.
Several NGOs have urged the government to amend the Federal Constitution to allow judicial review of the public prosecutor’s decisions on initiating, discontinuing or not pressing charges in court.
“We also call for the right of judicial review of decisions of a public prosecutor, just as we already have the right to go for judicial review of the prime minister or minister’s decisions.
“This will allow the court to consider whether the public prosecutor’s decision was illegal, procedurally unfair, irrational or even incompatible with human rights.
“It will ensure no wrongdoing or abuse of power by the public prosecutor, who represents Malaysia and the people in the administration of criminal justice,” they said in a joint statement today.
Among the NGOs which signed the statement were Malaysians Against Death Penalty and Torture, Center for Orang Asli Concerns, Gindol Initiative for Civil Society Borneo, Parti Rakyat Malaysia and Aliran.
On Sept 4, 2023, Deputy Prime Minister Ahmad Zahid Hamidi was granted a discharge not amounting to an acquittal (DNAA) of the corruption case involving millions of ringgit from Yayasan Akalbudi.
The deputy public prosecutor said the DNAA bid is based on 10 or 11 reasons, among them to allow a more comprehensive and complete investigation into Zahid's case.
This came despite the High Court ordering Zahid to enter his defence on Jan 24, 2022, after the prosecution established a prima facie case against the Bagan Datuk MP.
On Dec 17 last year, the Court of Appeal ruled against an activist’s application to commence private prosecution against two Muslim preachers who purportedly insulted non-Islamic religions and practices.
Global Human Rights Federation president S Shashi Kumar, who is the applicant, said the court cited Article 145 of the Federal Constitution to reject his application.
“They (the judge) said we cannot proceed with the private prosecution because of Article 145, because the attorney-general holds the executive power to decide whether they (the prosecution) want to proceed with a particular case or otherwise.
“Article 145(3) gives them the full power and we cannot question that," he was reported as saying.
Expedite separation of offices
On that note, the NGOs urged the government to expedite its plan to separate the Attorney-General’s Chambers from the public prosecutor’s office.
They said this is to ensure there is no longer a perception that the public prosecutor is acting on the instruction of the prime minister or the government.
“Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim has recognised that the separation of powers between AG and the public prosecutor is not merely a division of responsibilities, but a crucial step in preserving the integrity of the office.
“And he has mentioned that a cabinet draft paper on the matter is expected to be ready by the middle of 2025.
“We hope the needed amendments to the Federal Constitution and relevant laws be tabled in Parliament soon, and that Malaysia will finally have an independent public prosecutor and AG by the third quarter of this year,” they added.
On May 8 last year, Minister in the Prime Minister’s Department (Law and Institutional Reform) Azalina Othman Said went to Ottawa, Canada to conduct a detailed study on the plan to separate both offices.
"The Malaysian delegation is scheduled to attend a series of important meetings with Canadian government senior officials and to exchange views and share information and knowledge, especially in their valuable experience in successfully implementing the separation of powers of the AGC and the public prosecutor’s office almost 20 years ago," she said. -Malaysiakini, 15/2/2025
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